Earth is probably the most complex object in the solar system. The reasons are simple: the benefits to the atmosphere from life forms, atmospheric circulation, and the large-scale dynamo effect of the core. Ocean circulation. Atmospheric and oceanic interactions. Atmospheric effects. Various biomes. And interactions between biomes. Plate tectonics. Atmospheric and geologic effects. And so on. Let's start with the birth.
The Birth of the Earth
Earth has the highest average density of any planet in the solar system, and is the largest rocky planet yet discovered (since Planet Nine may be a super-Earth). Furthermore, it is the only planet in the solar system with "liquid water" on its surface. Furthermore, Earth is the only planet in the solar system with plate tectonics. If we can explain this, we may be able to apply it to planets outside our solar system. Now, let's get down to the main issue.
The Earth is probably formed in the same way as other rocky planets. Small dust particles gathered to form a primordial asteroid, and a planet was formed. Also, the dynamo effect at the center suggests a separation of the core and mantle. This would mean that the primitive earth was entirely fused. That is called the magma ocean hypothesis. After the separation in this way, the celestial body had a powerful dynamo effect that caused the formation of a magnetic field.
Earth's Water
The source of Earth's water supply has long been a mystery. The reason is that hydrogen cannot exist inside the snowline, so there should be essentially no water on Earth. One way to figure this out is through the asteroid belt and comets that cross the snowline. During the late heavy bombardment period, several hundred million years after formation, the perihelion of Kuiper belt objects and asteroids outside the snowline would have shifted to the region occupied by rocky planets due to the shift in orbits of the giant gas planets. And so a large supply of water was supplied.
But there was still a mystery. According to this theory, the water supply would be 40 times greater than the current volume of the oceans. So scientists turned their attention to the planet's interior. They brought metals such as iron and water closer to the conditions in the Earth's core and mantle. The water would then be absorbed by the metal. They also found that the water changed the structure of the interior. In other words, water would have supported the dynamo effect in the planet's core. Furthermore, it was found that a large amount of water was supplied to the interior of the planet. From this, this problem could be solved.
Furthermore, water is essential for plate tectonics. Now, without water, Venus would have a separated interior, yet the planet's unique magnetic field and plate tectonics would not be at work. This would explain the need for oceans.
Plate Tectonics
Plate tectonics would be necessary to clearly separate the Earth's continents from its oceans. The primitive earth had a high sea level and only a few islands were visible. Also, the atmospheric pressure at that time may have been around 400-500 atmospheres. It was the oceans that lowered it. The oceans are super acidic and contain large amounts of heavy metals. This effect lowered the atmospheric pressure. In addition, rainfall caused carbon dioxide to be taken up by the rain and incorporated into the earth's crust. Furthermore, the carbon dioxide shifted phases, adding bulk to the oceans. The effect was that atmospheric pressure dropped steadily. Thus, the atmospheric pressure would have been about 2 atmospheres. Then the continents formed. The continents at that time may have been supercontinents.
Another reason for the subsequent formation of the continents is because of the superplume. The crust was torn apart by the effects of the core erupting the superplume (mantle convection). The torn crust is shifted outward due to self-gravity. After the crust is displaced, magma rises to the surface to fill the gap, forming a new crust, but it is still torn apart. The loop repeats itself. Plate tectonics has formed. It also requires rapid cooling of the magma. That is where the oceans come in. The expanding (sliding) oceanic plate is heavier than the continental plate, so it dives under the oceanic plate. The submerged areas become hotter due to friction, and volcanoes form on top of them.
In addition, weathering and erosion causes rocks that have fallen into the ocean to become less hyper-acidic. The plunging plate will also plunge down to the core and promote the rise of the superplume (mantle convection) in the core.
The Future of the Earth
The future of the Earth will be very sad.
First, we need to keep in mind that the sun is still evolving.
First, the increase in the Earth's temperature accelerates the chemical reaction processes on the Earth's surface. This accelerates the speed of oxidation of silicate minerals. And the weathering process of silicate minerals transforms carbon dioxide gas into solid carbonates. Then, from now, within 600 million years, C-3 plants will cease photosynthesis. Furthermore, C-4 plants, which consume less carbon dioxide than C-3 plants, will cease photosynthesis in as little as 800 million years and as long as 1.2 billion years. Life forms that feed on these plants will also suffer a major blow. The carnivorous animals that prey on them will also be affected, and the ecosystem will begin to collapse. However, those life forms that are not affected by these disruptions will remain. But this would be very deadly.
Another opinion says that in 250 million years, the Earth's continents will become one supercontinent, the Amasia continent. This would increase the amount of land area, which would increase the amount of plants, which would increase the amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by photosynthesis. Therefore, the amount of carbon dioxide will be one-tenth of what it is now. Then C-3 plants (e.g., trees), which require large amounts of CO2 for photosynthesis, would collapse. This is what is called "the collapse of the C-3 plants.
Also, atmospheric carbon dioxide will rise and fall as photosynthetic organisms fall below the amount that barely allows photosynthesis. If it is above the minimum amount, they will photosynthesize and fix carbon dioxide in the ground. But if it falls below a certain level, plants stop photosynthesizing. Then volcanic activity increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Then carbon dioxide increases. Then ..... and repeat. But as the temperature rises, the Earth's oceans evaporate from the equator and life forms disappear.
Eventually, the hydrologic cycle will remain only in the polar regions. Occasional heavy rains may occur. But the Earth is already a desert planet, and life forms will be forced to survive in the polar regions.
Earth's Water in the Future
For 600 million years, the water in the Earth's oceans has been absorbed by the mantle. Therefore, the amount of water is decreasing. In addition, it will have escaped from outer space. Perhaps it may disappear in 1.1 billion years. Then the ocean ridges will appear on the earth's surface.
Since water acts as a lubricant in plate tectonics, once it is gone, plate tectonics will not work. Therefore, oceanic plates and volcanoes generated by continental plates will become inactive. Furthermore, the subducting and cooling plates would fall to the core and contribute to the dynamo effect and mantle convection, but if they cease to do so, the magnetic field would also be forced to cease. If this were to cease, the Earth's atmosphere would be stripped away by solar winds from the sun. Earth's multicellular organisms would die.
Also, because the sun is still getting hotter, in 1.3 billion years the earth will be outside the habitable zone. Then, instead of water, the planet will be like Venus. The atmosphere may be thicker. But maybe it won't reach that level due to waning volcanic activity. Either way, life will be extinct, as there is no hope for life. However, one place where life could exist is underground. Underground is less susceptible to the effects of the surface. Therefore, life forms that try to survive underground will gather, or life forms that are there will continue to exist. Therefore, the period of time that life forms can exist is extended.
In another 5 billion years, the sun will become a red giant star. The sun will become a red giant. When it becomes a red giant, Mercury and Venus will be doomed. Yes, they will be swallowed by the sun. They will be swallowed by the sun. When the sun becomes a red giant star, it will emit a large amount of gas from its outer layer, which will weaken its gravity. Therefore, the average orbital radius of the earth and each planet will move away. Therefore, it is more likely that the earth will not be swallowed by the sun, but since there is no life on earth, we should not worry about it. (This is the future of the earth.
Coagulation of the core
The dynamo effect of the core is necessary to maintain the magnetic field of the planet. In the case of the Earth's core, it is divided into an inner core and an outer core. The outer core is fused, causing the dynamo effect. However, the earth is always cooling, and the core releases heat into the mantle. This is essential for plate tectonics to exist. It is essential for mantle convection. But there is a problem, too: as it releases heat, the temperature inside continues to drop, causing the inner core to grow.
After 3 to 4 billion years, the interior is expected to crystallize completely. Then the dynamo effect in the interior will stop. The magnetic field will disappear in about 10,000 years. Then the atmosphere will be uprooted and stripped by the sputtering phenomenon. Therefore, life forms will not be able to exist, but after 3-4 billion years, it will not be a problem because life forms will be 100% non-existent.
Earth
Moderator: Franck
The Birth of the Earth
Earth has the highest average density of any planet in the solar system, and is the largest rocky planet yet discovered (since Planet Nine may be a super-Earth). Furthermore, it is the only planet in the solar system with "liquid water" on its surface. Furthermore, Earth is the only planet in the solar system with plate tectonics. If we can explain this, we may be able to apply it to planets outside our solar system. Now, let's get down to the main issue.
The Earth is probably formed in the same way as other rocky planets. Small dust particles gathered to form a primordial asteroid, and a planet was formed. Also, the dynamo effect at the center suggests a separation of the core and mantle. This would mean that the primitive earth was entirely fused. That is called the magma ocean hypothesis. After the separation in this way, the celestial body had a powerful dynamo effect that caused the formation of a magnetic field.
The Earth is probably formed in the same way as other rocky planets. Small dust particles gathered to form a primordial asteroid, and a planet was formed. Also, the dynamo effect at the center suggests a separation of the core and mantle. This would mean that the primitive earth was entirely fused. That is called the magma ocean hypothesis. After the separation in this way, the celestial body had a powerful dynamo effect that caused the formation of a magnetic field.
Earth's Water
The source of Earth's water supply has long been a mystery. The reason is that hydrogen cannot exist inside the snowline, so there should be essentially no water on Earth. One way to figure this out is through the asteroid belt and comets that cross the snowline. During the late heavy bombardment period, several hundred million years after formation, the perihelion of Kuiper belt objects and asteroids outside the snowline would have shifted to the region occupied by rocky planets due to the shift in orbits of the giant gas planets. And so a large supply of water was supplied.
But there was still a mystery. According to this theory, the water supply would be 40 times greater than the current volume of the oceans. So scientists turned their attention to the planet's interior. They brought metals such as iron and water closer to the conditions in the Earth's core and mantle. The water would then be absorbed by the metal. They also found that the water changed the structure of the interior. In other words, water would have supported the dynamo effect in the planet's core. Furthermore, it was found that a large amount of water was supplied to the interior of the planet. From this, this problem could be solved.
Furthermore, water is essential for plate tectonics. Now, without water, Venus would have a separated interior, yet the planet's unique magnetic field and plate tectonics would not be at work. This would explain the need for oceans.
But there was still a mystery. According to this theory, the water supply would be 40 times greater than the current volume of the oceans. So scientists turned their attention to the planet's interior. They brought metals such as iron and water closer to the conditions in the Earth's core and mantle. The water would then be absorbed by the metal. They also found that the water changed the structure of the interior. In other words, water would have supported the dynamo effect in the planet's core. Furthermore, it was found that a large amount of water was supplied to the interior of the planet. From this, this problem could be solved.
Furthermore, water is essential for plate tectonics. Now, without water, Venus would have a separated interior, yet the planet's unique magnetic field and plate tectonics would not be at work. This would explain the need for oceans.
Plate Tectonics
Plate tectonics would be necessary to clearly separate the Earth's continents from its oceans. The primitive earth had a high sea level and only a few islands were visible. Also, the atmospheric pressure at that time may have been around 400-500 atmospheres. It was the oceans that lowered it. The oceans are super acidic and contain large amounts of heavy metals. This effect lowered the atmospheric pressure. In addition, rainfall caused carbon dioxide to be taken up by the rain and incorporated into the earth's crust. Furthermore, the carbon dioxide shifted phases, adding bulk to the oceans. The effect was that atmospheric pressure dropped steadily. Thus, the atmospheric pressure would have been about 2 atmospheres. Then the continents formed. The continents at that time may have been supercontinents.
Another reason for the subsequent formation of the continents is because of the superplume. The crust was torn apart by the effects of the core erupting the superplume (mantle convection). The torn crust is shifted outward due to self-gravity. After the crust is displaced, magma rises to the surface to fill the gap, forming a new crust, but it is still torn apart. The loop repeats itself. Plate tectonics has formed. It also requires rapid cooling of the magma. That is where the oceans come in. The expanding (sliding) oceanic plate is heavier than the continental plate, so it dives under the oceanic plate. The submerged areas become hotter due to friction, and volcanoes form on top of them.
In addition, weathering and erosion causes rocks that have fallen into the ocean to become less hyper-acidic. The plunging plate will also plunge down to the core and promote the rise of the superplume (mantle convection) in the core.
Another reason for the subsequent formation of the continents is because of the superplume. The crust was torn apart by the effects of the core erupting the superplume (mantle convection). The torn crust is shifted outward due to self-gravity. After the crust is displaced, magma rises to the surface to fill the gap, forming a new crust, but it is still torn apart. The loop repeats itself. Plate tectonics has formed. It also requires rapid cooling of the magma. That is where the oceans come in. The expanding (sliding) oceanic plate is heavier than the continental plate, so it dives under the oceanic plate. The submerged areas become hotter due to friction, and volcanoes form on top of them.
In addition, weathering and erosion causes rocks that have fallen into the ocean to become less hyper-acidic. The plunging plate will also plunge down to the core and promote the rise of the superplume (mantle convection) in the core.
The Future of the Earth
The future of the Earth will be very sad.
First, we need to keep in mind that the sun is still evolving.
First, the increase in the Earth's temperature accelerates the chemical reaction processes on the Earth's surface. This accelerates the speed of oxidation of silicate minerals. And the weathering process of silicate minerals transforms carbon dioxide gas into solid carbonates. Then, from now, within 600 million years, C-3 plants will cease photosynthesis. Furthermore, C-4 plants, which consume less carbon dioxide than C-3 plants, will cease photosynthesis in as little as 800 million years and as long as 1.2 billion years. Life forms that feed on these plants will also suffer a major blow. The carnivorous animals that prey on them will also be affected, and the ecosystem will begin to collapse. However, those life forms that are not affected by these disruptions will remain. But this would be very deadly.
Another opinion says that in 250 million years, the Earth's continents will become one supercontinent, the Amasia continent. This would increase the amount of land area, which would increase the amount of plants, which would increase the amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by photosynthesis. Therefore, the amount of carbon dioxide will be one-tenth of what it is now. Then C-3 plants (e.g., trees), which require large amounts of CO2 for photosynthesis, would collapse. This is what is called "the collapse of the C-3 plants.
Also, atmospheric carbon dioxide will rise and fall as photosynthetic organisms fall below the amount that barely allows photosynthesis. If it is above the minimum amount, they will photosynthesize and fix carbon dioxide in the ground. But if it falls below a certain level, plants stop photosynthesizing. Then volcanic activity increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Then carbon dioxide increases. Then ..... and repeat. But as the temperature rises, the Earth's oceans evaporate from the equator and life forms disappear.
Eventually, the hydrologic cycle will remain only in the polar regions. Occasional heavy rains may occur. But the Earth is already a desert planet, and life forms will be forced to survive in the polar regions.
The future of the Earth will be very sad.
First, we need to keep in mind that the sun is still evolving.
First, the increase in the Earth's temperature accelerates the chemical reaction processes on the Earth's surface. This accelerates the speed of oxidation of silicate minerals. And the weathering process of silicate minerals transforms carbon dioxide gas into solid carbonates. Then, from now, within 600 million years, C-3 plants will cease photosynthesis. Furthermore, C-4 plants, which consume less carbon dioxide than C-3 plants, will cease photosynthesis in as little as 800 million years and as long as 1.2 billion years. Life forms that feed on these plants will also suffer a major blow. The carnivorous animals that prey on them will also be affected, and the ecosystem will begin to collapse. However, those life forms that are not affected by these disruptions will remain. But this would be very deadly.
Another opinion says that in 250 million years, the Earth's continents will become one supercontinent, the Amasia continent. This would increase the amount of land area, which would increase the amount of plants, which would increase the amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by photosynthesis. Therefore, the amount of carbon dioxide will be one-tenth of what it is now. Then C-3 plants (e.g., trees), which require large amounts of CO2 for photosynthesis, would collapse. This is what is called "the collapse of the C-3 plants.
Also, atmospheric carbon dioxide will rise and fall as photosynthetic organisms fall below the amount that barely allows photosynthesis. If it is above the minimum amount, they will photosynthesize and fix carbon dioxide in the ground. But if it falls below a certain level, plants stop photosynthesizing. Then volcanic activity increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Then carbon dioxide increases. Then ..... and repeat. But as the temperature rises, the Earth's oceans evaporate from the equator and life forms disappear.
Eventually, the hydrologic cycle will remain only in the polar regions. Occasional heavy rains may occur. But the Earth is already a desert planet, and life forms will be forced to survive in the polar regions.
Earth's Water in the Future
For 600 million years, the water in the Earth's oceans has been absorbed by the mantle. Therefore, the amount of water is decreasing. In addition, it will have escaped from outer space. Perhaps it may disappear in 1.1 billion years. Then the ocean ridges will appear on the earth's surface.
Since water acts as a lubricant in plate tectonics, once it is gone, plate tectonics will not work. Therefore, oceanic plates and volcanoes generated by continental plates will become inactive. Furthermore, the subducting and cooling plates would fall to the core and contribute to the dynamo effect and mantle convection, but if they cease to do so, the magnetic field would also be forced to cease. If this were to cease, the Earth's atmosphere would be stripped away by solar winds from the sun. Earth's multicellular organisms would die.
Also, because the sun is still getting hotter, in 1.3 billion years the earth will be outside the habitable zone. Then, instead of water, the planet will be like Venus. The atmosphere may be thicker. But maybe it won't reach that level due to waning volcanic activity. Either way, life will be extinct, as there is no hope for life. However, one place where life could exist is underground. Underground is less susceptible to the effects of the surface. Therefore, life forms that try to survive underground will gather, or life forms that are there will continue to exist. Therefore, the period of time that life forms can exist is extended.
In another 5 billion years, the sun will become a red giant star. The sun will become a red giant. When it becomes a red giant, Mercury and Venus will be doomed. Yes, they will be swallowed by the sun. They will be swallowed by the sun. When the sun becomes a red giant star, it will emit a large amount of gas from its outer layer, which will weaken its gravity. Therefore, the average orbital radius of the earth and each planet will move away. Therefore, it is more likely that the earth will not be swallowed by the sun, but since there is no life on earth, we should not worry about it. (This is the future of the earth.
Since water acts as a lubricant in plate tectonics, once it is gone, plate tectonics will not work. Therefore, oceanic plates and volcanoes generated by continental plates will become inactive. Furthermore, the subducting and cooling plates would fall to the core and contribute to the dynamo effect and mantle convection, but if they cease to do so, the magnetic field would also be forced to cease. If this were to cease, the Earth's atmosphere would be stripped away by solar winds from the sun. Earth's multicellular organisms would die.
Also, because the sun is still getting hotter, in 1.3 billion years the earth will be outside the habitable zone. Then, instead of water, the planet will be like Venus. The atmosphere may be thicker. But maybe it won't reach that level due to waning volcanic activity. Either way, life will be extinct, as there is no hope for life. However, one place where life could exist is underground. Underground is less susceptible to the effects of the surface. Therefore, life forms that try to survive underground will gather, or life forms that are there will continue to exist. Therefore, the period of time that life forms can exist is extended.
In another 5 billion years, the sun will become a red giant star. The sun will become a red giant. When it becomes a red giant, Mercury and Venus will be doomed. Yes, they will be swallowed by the sun. They will be swallowed by the sun. When the sun becomes a red giant star, it will emit a large amount of gas from its outer layer, which will weaken its gravity. Therefore, the average orbital radius of the earth and each planet will move away. Therefore, it is more likely that the earth will not be swallowed by the sun, but since there is no life on earth, we should not worry about it. (This is the future of the earth.
Coagulation of the core
The dynamo effect of the core is necessary to maintain the magnetic field of the planet. In the case of the Earth's core, it is divided into an inner core and an outer core. The outer core is fused, causing the dynamo effect. However, the earth is always cooling, and the core releases heat into the mantle. This is essential for plate tectonics to exist. It is essential for mantle convection. But there is a problem, too: as it releases heat, the temperature inside continues to drop, causing the inner core to grow.
After 3 to 4 billion years, the interior is expected to crystallize completely. Then the dynamo effect in the interior will stop. The magnetic field will disappear in about 10,000 years. Then the atmosphere will be uprooted and stripped by the sputtering phenomenon. Therefore, life forms will not be able to exist, but after 3-4 billion years, it will not be a problem because life forms will be 100% non-existent.
After 3 to 4 billion years, the interior is expected to crystallize completely. Then the dynamo effect in the interior will stop. The magnetic field will disappear in about 10,000 years. Then the atmosphere will be uprooted and stripped by the sputtering phenomenon. Therefore, life forms will not be able to exist, but after 3-4 billion years, it will not be a problem because life forms will be 100% non-existent.